Domestic Violence - The Shadow Pandemic of COVID-19

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May 27, 2020
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Domestic Violence - The Shadow Pandemic of COVID-19

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The Problem: Effects of policy measures on the vulnerable population

To prevent the spread of Covid-19, many governments have been taking strict measures such as closing borders, imposing nationwide lockdowns, and setting up quarantine facilities. While these measures may ensure that social distancing is followed seriously, they may have indirect effects on the economy and adverse effects on the well-being of people, especially the vulnerable population. To help governments make data analysis-driven policy decisions to effectively deal with issues like during COVID-19 like Domestic Violence, Omdena provided an enabling platform to AI experts, data scientists, and domain experts so that they could study the effects of Covid 19 policy measures on the vulnerable population. This article describes the results of one of many facets of this challenge, which focused on the impact of Covid-19 on domestic violence using Data Analysis.

The goal of this task was to get a better grip on domestic violence during COVID-19 and gauge the scale of the problem. To this end, different data sources were used — including news articles, policy data, mobility trends, and domestic violence search rates. The results indicate that the problem of domestic violence could be much bigger than indicated by some of the key figures mentioned in the news. Further, restrictions on movement and strict enforcement of lockdowns may have further amplified the issue. It can be said that domestic violence is a shadow pandemic and it is integral to understand the gravity of the problem and ensure redressal and support to survivors and vulnerable populations.

Domestic violence — a growing shadow pandemic of COVID 19

The UN Women recently labeled the increase of violence against women as ‘a growing shadow pandemic’. As a consequence of Covid19 policy measures, many victims find themselves in proximity to their abusers due to lockdown measures. The world is witnessing a sharp rise in the number of helpline calls, domestic violence reports, as illustrated in the following infographic. This highlights the pressing need to reflect upon the pre-existing and growing incidence of domestic violence and sensitizing organizations and communities at the grassroots level to provide help and support.

Infographic on Covid19 and domestic violence adapted from the UN Women.

Infographic on Covid19 and domestic violence adapted from the UN Women.


The shadow pandemic’s size— news coverage

The news is replete with reports and cases of domestic violence and its surge during the pandemic. During March beginning, the increase in domestic violence in China received coverage in the news. In the Hubei Province the number of reported cases had tripled in February, compared to the same period last year. Weeks later, similar articles appeared from all over the world.

To get the first grip on gravity and spread of this shadow pandemic, a dataset of about 80,000 Covid-19-related news articles was used. This dataset was created using GDELT to query relevant articles and news-please to extract contents. The said dataset has been used for different analysis in the Omdena AI pandemic challenges. To identify the news articles related to domestic violence, the corpus was filtered based on domestic violence-related keywords. In total 1,500 articles were linked to both Covid-19 and domestic violence  using Data Analysis revealing a connection.

Covid19 and domestic violence-related articles

To assess the relevance of the subset of domestic violence-related news articles, LDA topic modeling was performed, using gensim. Three topics were modeled, and one of these clearly illustrates that the considered subset covers domestic violence. The world-cloud of this topic is shown in the figure.

Graph between Number of news articles and Date

Number of both Covid19 and domestic violence-related news articles over time.


The absolute increase in domestic violence-related articles

The number of news articles related to both Covid-19 and domestic violence started to increase a couple of weeks after the first lockdown measures were implemented in Europe (end of February).

Relative increase

The increasing trend in domestic violence-related articles could be explained by an overall increase in Covid-19 related articles. To study whether the topic of domestic violence has become more dominant in the discussion, the ratio of domestic violence-related articles versus the total number of Covid-19 related articles is illustrated. An increasing trend can be observed using Data Analysis, indicating that the issue of domestic violence has become more dominant post the onset of the pandemic.

Graph between Ratio of Domestic Violence News Articles and Date

Domestic violence-related news articles are relative to Covid19 related news articles.

The shadow pandemic’s size — search rates

The data mentioned in the news is typically in summary form, similar to the key figures shown in the Infographic of UN Women. To get a more detailed grip on the extent and size of the shadow pandemic, different datasets were used:

  • Policy data:
    OXFORD COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), covers the policy measures taken in 152 countries (accessed on May 8, 2020).
  • Mobility data:
    Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports, indicate the percentual changes in mobility patterns in 132 countries (accessed on May 8, 2020). The data is relative (_rel) to the mobility patterns between January 7 and February 7, 2020. To limit stochasticity, a moving average (_ma) filter of 7 days (1 week) was applied.
  • Search data:
    Google Trends data, indicates the search trend of a certain topic over time (accessed on May 8, 2020). To get the percentual change (_rel) in search rates, this date is made relative to a baseline period as well (Jan 3 — Feb 13). To remove stochasticity a moving average filter (_ma) of 14 days (2 weeks) was applied to the Google Trends data.

The data analysis focuses on countries that are present in all three datasets, and that have sufficient Google Trends data available. The condition of having data available for at least 50% of the considered time period (Jan 3 — May 8) was imposed. This ensured that the analysis was expansive and included a total number of 53 countries.

The search trend data is considered to be relevant for studying the scale of the problem in situations where one is in search of help, has access to the internet, and has a certain level of trust in societal organizations to be able to offer help. Evidently, the last two conditions are not met in different countries to the desired level across the world. This is, amongst others, reflected in the Human Development Data — for example, the % of the (female) population that has access to the internet. Hence, the results should be considered with these conditions, caveats, and nuances in mind.

Further, the use of search rates has a clear advantage. The victim’s quest for help and receiving help is expected to consist of several steps; and more courage is required for every succeeding step that needs to be taken. The most basic step might be to browse the web for ways to deal with and seek help for domestic violence. Hence, search rate data might reflect the scale of the real problem more accurately than the number of domestic violence reports, because the search rate is probably the first step a victim might take in seeking assistance. 

Correlation between policy measures, mobility, and domestic violence search rates using Data Analysis

The first step in the analysis is to study correlations between the different features in the dataset. The correlation plot for France is shown below. A highly negative correlation (-0.95) between workplace mobility and domestic violence search rates can be observed. And, as expected, workplace mobility highly correlates with the workplace closing policy measure that was implemented by the government.

Correlation plot of the different features of the policy, mobility, and search rate dataset (France).

Correlation plot of the different features of the policy, mobility, and search rate dataset (France).


Graph between Search Trend and Mobility Change and Date

Policy measures, mobility, and search rate trends over time (France).


In the figure, the trend of workplace mobility and domestic violence search rates is visualized over time. The negative correlation between both variables is illustrated by the decrease in workplace mobility, while at the same time there is an increase in domestic violence search rates. Compared to the baseline, search rates almost doubled (100% increase). This indicates that the incidence of searching for information related to domestic violence increased with the decline in workplace mobility and as people found themselves stuck at home.

 

Regression models to quantify the effect of mobility on domestic violence search rates

Regression models were used to assess the size and significance of the relationship between workplace mobility and domestic violence search rates.

Regression model results of the impact of mobility on domestic violence search rates (France).

Regression model results of the impact of mobility on domestic violence search rates (France).


The linear line in the scatter plot is the illustration of the output of the regression model for the case study of France. The relationship between mobility and domestic violence is significant, and the slope indicates that with every 1% decrease in mobility, domestic violence search rates increase by 1.4%.

The results of the models for the countries in the top 10 and bottom 10 are listed below. In the top 10 countries, decreasing mobility correlates with a steep increase in domestic violence search rates. In the bottom 10 countries, the opposite trend is observed: mobility and domestic violence both decrease at the same time. To further study and explain the results of the different models, the individual plots for the first six in the categories of the top 10 and bottom 10 countries are shown in the next section.

Tabular format describing top 10 countries to bottom 10 countries defining Pvalues, Coefficient, Country, and Significance.

Countries illustrating a strong relationship between a decrease in mobility and an increase in domestic violence

The individual figures for the first six among the top 10 countries are shown. These countries have a strong relationship between mobility decrease and domestic violence increase.

Graph Between Search Trend and Mobility Change % vs date for 6 countries namely, Vietnam, Japan, South Africa, Germany, France, and Belgium.
  • With the exception of Japan, the peak in search rates has doubled or even tripled in each of the illustrated countries.
  • Although the coefficient in Japan is relatively high, the peak in search rate is ‘just’ 60%. This is due to a relatively limited decrease in mobility, likely due to less strict lockdown measures in this country.
  • Vietnam stands out with a peak in domestic violence search rates that increased by more than triple the baseline. The issue of domestic violence in light of social distancing in Vietnam is stressed in this article as well, stating that the number of people who are in need of shelter has doubled compared to 2018 and 2019.
  • The figures for Germany, France, Belgium, and South Africa, clearly illustrate the increasing trend in domestic violence search rate as mobility drops.

Countries not illustrating a relationship between a decrease in mobility and an increase in domestic violence

The individual figures for the final six countries among the bottom 10 countries are displayed below and show a positive relationship between mobility and domestic violence.

Graph Between Search Trend and Mobility Change % vs date for 6 countries namely, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Jamaica, El Salvador, and Philippines.
  • First of all, the plot for Australia stands out, which witnessed a high increase in domestic violence towards the end of February. The sudden rise in domestic violence in Australia is assumed to be a consequence of the bushfires which occurred around this time. This relationship is also expressed in this article: ‘the bushfires’ hidden aftermath: Surging risk of domestic abuse
  • In South Korea, lockdown measures could be considered to be more targeted instead of strict blanket measures, and this could explain the unique trend displayed for this country as compared to the others.
  • For the Philippines, Thailand, El Salvador, and Jamaica, the simultaneous drop in domestic violence search rates and mobility is visible. This does not mean that there have been fewer domestic violence incidents. There can be various other factors influencing the observed search rate trends. For example, the peaks in search rates in these countries towards the late February / beginning of March could be explained by the (media) attention given to domestic violence in light of International Women’s Day on March 8. there was a large turnout for the different marches that were held that day, both in Asia and Latin America.

Action is needed to mitigate the increase in domestic violence

This article studies the impact of the Covid-19 global pandemic on domestic violence. The increase in domestic violence can be viewed as the ‘growing shadow pandemic’. This is stressed by the news as well — there is an increasing trend in the number of articles that cover the issue. Some of these articles give insight into the gravity and scale of the ‘growing shadow pandemic’ in summary form. For example, the Infographic of UN Women, shown at the beginning of this article, mentions that in France, Argentina, Cyprus and Singapore domestic violence emergency calls and reports have increased by more than 30%.

The results indicate that the problem of domestic violence could be much bigger than indicated by some of the key figures in the news

The Data analysis of Google mobility and search rate trends shows that the effect of lockdown measures on domestic violence, such as the closing of workplaces, can be much higher than 30%. In countries where the inverse relationship between the decrease in mobility and increase in domestic violence is strongest, search rates have doubled, and some more than tripled. A search query could be considered the most accessible step in seeking out help. This could explain why the results in this article indicate that the problem of domestic violence could be much bigger than the previously mentioned key figures.

It is important to note that there are many other factors that can influence the search rate results. The extent to which the search rates may accurately reflect the growing scale of the problem of domestic violence also depends on the situation the countries are in. As stated before, a victim is only expected to perform a search query if s/he has access to the internet and a certain level of trust in societal organizations to be able to offer help. These assumptions could explain that a strong relationship is found in many European countries in this study.

The aim of this work is to help build awareness on the issue of domestic violence. Although some countries have adopted steps to mitigate problems, the results clearly indicate that the issues persist. In this light, the UN recently published a brief with ‘recommendations to be considered by all sectors of society, from governments to international organizations and to civil society organizations in order to prevent and respond to violence against women and girls, at the onset, during, and after the public health crisis with examples of actions already taken’.

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positioningnone
position_origin_atop_left
position_origin_ftop_left
position_origin_rtop_left
text_orientationleft
widthauto
max_widthnone
module_alignmentleft
min_heightauto
heightauto
max_heightnone
custom_margin_tablet||10px||false|false
custom_margin_phone||10px||false|false
custom_margin_last_editedon|tablet
custom_padding5px||||false|false
filter_hue_rotate0deg
filter_saturate100%
filter_brightness100%
filter_contrast100%
filter_invert0%
filter_sepia0%
filter_opacity100%
filter_blur0px
mix_blend_modenormal
animation_stylenone
animation_directioncenter
animation_duration1000ms
animation_delay0ms
animation_intensity_slide50%
animation_intensity_zoom50%
animation_intensity_flip50%
animation_intensity_fold50%
animation_intensity_roll50%
animation_starting_opacity0%
animation_speed_curveease-in-out
animation_repeatonce
hover_transition_duration300ms
hover_transition_delay0ms
hover_transition_speed_curveease
link_option_url_new_windowoff
sticky_positionnone
sticky_offset_top0px
sticky_offset_bottom0px
sticky_limit_topnone
sticky_limit_bottomnone
sticky_offset_surroundingon
sticky_transitionon
motion_trigger_startmiddle
hover_enabled0
title_css_text_align_tabletcenter
title_css_text_align_phonecenter
title_css_text_align_last_editedon|phone
acf_label_css_text_align_tabletcenter
acf_label_css_text_align_phonecenter
acf_label_css_text_align_last_editedon|phone
label_css_text_align_tabletcenter
label_css_text_align_phonecenter
label_css_text_align_last_editedon|desktop
text_orientation_tabletcenter
text_orientation_phonecenter
text_orientation_last_editedon|phone
module_alignment_tabletcenter
module_alignment_phonecenter
module_alignment_last_editedon|desktop
title_css_text_shadow_stylenone
title_css_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
title_css_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
title_css_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
title_css_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
acf_label_css_text_shadow_stylenone
acf_label_css_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
acf_label_css_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
acf_label_css_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
acf_label_css_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
label_css_text_shadow_stylenone
label_css_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
label_css_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
label_css_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
label_css_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
text_before_css_text_shadow_stylenone
text_before_css_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
text_before_css_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
text_before_css_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
text_before_css_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
seperator_text_shadow_stylenone
seperator_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
seperator_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
seperator_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
seperator_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
relational_field_item_text_shadow_stylenone
relational_field_item_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
relational_field_item_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
relational_field_item_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
relational_field_item_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
button_text_shadow_stylenone
button_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
button_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
button_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
button_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
box_shadow_stylenone
box_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_positionouter
box_shadow_style_buttonnone
box_shadow_color_buttonrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_position_buttonouter
text_shadow_stylenone
text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
text_shadow_vertical_length0em
text_shadow_blur_strength0em
text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
disabledoff
global_colors_info{}

Elke Klaassen

Execution time: 0.0010 seconds

ACF

ID58159
keyfield_62334265ec7d3
labelPosition
nameblog_position
prefixacf
typetext
valueOmdena Collaborator
menu_order3
parent58155
wrapperArray
_nameblog_position
_valid1

Module Settings

custom_identifierPosition
acf_namefield_62334265ec7d3
is_author_acf_fieldoff
post_object_acf_namenone
author_field_typeauthor_post
linked_user_acf_namenone
type_taxonomy_acf_namenone
acf_tagp
show_labeloff
label_seperator:
visibilityon
empty_value_optionhide_module
use_iconoff
icon_color#7EBEC5
use_circleoff
circle_color#7EBEC5
use_circle_borderoff
circle_border_color#7EBEC5
use_icon_font_sizeoff
icon_image_placementleft
image_mobile_stackinginitial
return_formatarray
image_link_urloff
image_link_url_acf_namenone
checkbox_stylearray
checkbox_radio_returnlabel
checkbox_radio_value_typeoff
checkbox_radio_linkoff
link_buttonoff
email_subjectnone
email_body_afternone
add_css_classoff
add_css_loop_layoutoff
add_css_class_selectorbody
link_new_tabon
link_name_acfoff
link_name_acf_namenone
url_link_iconoff
image_sizefull
true_false_conditionoff
true_false_condition_css_selector.et_pb_button
true_false_text_trueTrue
true_false_text_falseFalse
is_audiooff
is_videooff
video_loopon
video_autoplayon
is_oembed_videooff
defer_videooff
defer_video_iconI||divi||400
video_icon_font_sizeoff
pretify_textoff
pretify_seperator,
number_decimal.
show_value_if_zerooff
text_imageoff
is_options_pageoff
is_repeater_loop_layoutoff
linked_post_stylecustom
link_post_seperator,
link_to_post_objecton
loop_layoutnone
columns4
columns_tablet2
columns_mobile1
repeater_dyn_btn_acfnone
button_alignmentleft
text_before_positionsame_line
label_positionsame_line
vertical_alignmentmiddle
admin_labelPosition
_builder_version4.16
_module_presetdefault
title_css_text_alignleft
title_css_font_size14px
title_css_letter_spacing0px
title_css_line_height1em
acf_label_css_text_alignleft
acf_label_css_font_size14px
acf_label_css_letter_spacing0px
acf_label_css_line_height1em
label_css_text_alignleft
label_css_font_size15px
label_css_letter_spacing0px
text_before_css_font_size14px
text_before_css_letter_spacing0px
text_before_css_line_height1em
seperator_font_size14px
seperator_letter_spacing0px
seperator_line_height1em
relational_field_item_font_size14px
relational_field_item_letter_spacing0px
relational_field_item_line_height1em
background_enable_coloron
use_background_color_gradientoff
background_color_gradient_repeatoff
background_color_gradient_typelinear
background_color_gradient_direction180deg
background_color_gradient_direction_radialcenter
background_color_gradient_stops#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%
background_color_gradient_unit%
background_color_gradient_overlays_imageoff
background_color_gradient_start#2b87da
background_color_gradient_start_position0%
background_color_gradient_end#29c4a9
background_color_gradient_end_position100%
background_enable_imageon
parallaxoff
parallax_methodon
background_sizecover
background_image_widthauto
background_image_heightauto
background_positioncenter
background_horizontal_offset0
background_vertical_offset0
background_repeatno-repeat
background_blendnormal
background_enable_video_mp4on
background_enable_video_webmon
allow_player_pauseoff
background_video_pause_outside_viewporton
background_enable_pattern_styleoff
background_pattern_stylepolka-dots
background_pattern_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.2)
background_pattern_sizeinitial
background_pattern_widthauto
background_pattern_heightauto
background_pattern_repeat_origintop_left
background_pattern_horizontal_offset0
background_pattern_vertical_offset0
background_pattern_repeatrepeat
background_pattern_blend_modenormal
background_enable_mask_styleoff
background_mask_stylelayer-blob
background_mask_color#ffffff
background_mask_aspect_ratiolandscape
background_mask_sizestretch
background_mask_widthauto
background_mask_heightauto
background_mask_positioncenter
background_mask_horizontal_offset0
background_mask_vertical_offset0
background_mask_blend_modenormal
custom_buttonoff
button_text_size20
button_bg_use_color_gradientoff
button_bg_color_gradient_repeatoff
button_bg_color_gradient_typelinear
button_bg_color_gradient_direction180deg
button_bg_color_gradient_direction_radialcenter
button_bg_color_gradient_stops#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%
button_bg_color_gradient_unit%
button_bg_color_gradient_overlays_imageoff
button_bg_color_gradient_start#2b87da
button_bg_color_gradient_start_position0%
button_bg_color_gradient_end#29c4a9
button_bg_color_gradient_end_position100%
button_bg_enable_imageon
button_bg_parallaxoff
button_bg_parallax_methodon
button_bg_sizecover
button_bg_image_widthauto
button_bg_image_heightauto
button_bg_positioncenter
button_bg_horizontal_offset0
button_bg_vertical_offset0
button_bg_repeatno-repeat
button_bg_blendnormal
button_bg_enable_video_mp4on
button_bg_enable_video_webmon
button_bg_allow_player_pauseoff
button_bg_video_pause_outside_viewporton
button_use_iconon
button_icon_placementright
button_on_hoveron
positioningnone
position_origin_atop_left
position_origin_ftop_left
position_origin_rtop_left
text_orientationleft
widthauto
max_widthnone
module_alignmentleft
min_heightauto
heightauto
max_heightnone
custom_margin_tablet||10px||false|false
custom_margin_phone||10px||false|false
custom_margin_last_editedon|phone
filter_hue_rotate0deg
filter_saturate100%
filter_brightness100%
filter_contrast100%
filter_invert0%
filter_sepia0%
filter_opacity100%
filter_blur0px
mix_blend_modenormal
animation_stylenone
animation_directioncenter
animation_duration1000ms
animation_delay0ms
animation_intensity_slide50%
animation_intensity_zoom50%
animation_intensity_flip50%
animation_intensity_fold50%
animation_intensity_roll50%
animation_starting_opacity0%
animation_speed_curveease-in-out
animation_repeatonce
hover_transition_duration300ms
hover_transition_delay0ms
hover_transition_speed_curveease
link_option_url_new_windowoff
sticky_positionnone
sticky_offset_top0px
sticky_offset_bottom0px
sticky_limit_topnone
sticky_limit_bottomnone
sticky_offset_surroundingon
sticky_transitionon
motion_trigger_startmiddle
hover_enabled0
label_css_text_align_tabletcenter
label_css_text_align_phonecenter
label_css_text_align_last_editedon|phone
text_orientation_tabletcenter
text_orientation_phonecenter
text_orientation_last_editedon|phone
module_alignment_tabletcenter
module_alignment_phonecenter
module_alignment_last_editedon|phone
title_css_text_shadow_stylenone
title_css_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
title_css_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
title_css_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
title_css_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
acf_label_css_text_shadow_stylenone
acf_label_css_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
acf_label_css_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
acf_label_css_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
acf_label_css_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
label_css_text_shadow_stylenone
label_css_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
label_css_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
label_css_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
label_css_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
text_before_css_text_shadow_stylenone
text_before_css_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
text_before_css_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
text_before_css_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
text_before_css_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
seperator_text_shadow_stylenone
seperator_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
seperator_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
seperator_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
seperator_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
relational_field_item_text_shadow_stylenone
relational_field_item_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
relational_field_item_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
relational_field_item_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
relational_field_item_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
button_text_shadow_stylenone
button_text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
button_text_shadow_vertical_length0em
button_text_shadow_blur_strength0em
button_text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
box_shadow_stylenone
box_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_positionouter
box_shadow_style_buttonnone
box_shadow_color_buttonrgba(0,0,0,0.3)
box_shadow_position_buttonouter
text_shadow_stylenone
text_shadow_horizontal_length0em
text_shadow_vertical_length0em
text_shadow_blur_strength0em
text_shadow_colorrgba(0,0,0,0.4)
disabledoff
global_colors_info{}

Omdena Collaborator

Execution time: 0.0009 seconds

Execution time: 0.0006 seconds

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